Variable Number Types in VBA

VBA is the programming language that enables a person to customize Microsoft Office products to suit specific and individual needs. Visual Basic for Applications comes standard within the Microsoft Office Suite of products. It's used in Excel to create graphs or perform repeat calculations, and is used in Word, PowerPoint and others to customize formatting or prompt users before performing an action. Within the VBA language, number types include bytes, singles, doubles, integers, currency and dates.

1. Bytes, Singles and Doubles

   • A byte Is a positive number that ranges from 0 to 255. When working with applications where you know any calculations will not result in any number larger than 255, declaring your number variable type as a byte will be OK. Bytes represent 1 space for each number in memory. Singles represent 2 storage spaces in memory and have a range from approximately -3.4 to -1.4 and from 1.4 to 3.4. If you know the results of your calculations or items you are referencing will not fall outside of these ranges, then use the single number type. Doubles hold longer decimal points within memory and range approximately from -1.79 to -4.9 or from 1.79 to 4.9.

   Integer

   • The integer number type represents 2 spaces in memory and will hold whole numbers ranging from -32,767 to 32,767. This number type is helpful for rounding off calculations or creating forms that only are in need of whole numbers within this specified range.

   Currency

   • The currency number type is used when performing calculations involving money or calculations where there is a need for specified accuracy. The range on this number type is approximately from -900 trillion to 900 trillion. Using the currency number type has a wider range than the rest of the number types and will prevent accidental errors in coding by allowing enough room for the calculation result to display and to be stored.

   Date

   • The date number types represents 8 spaces in memory storage. It stores dates and times as a "real" number in the format of "DATE.TIME." The way the date format is displayed can also be customized to display "dd/mm/year" or "dd/mm/time" and others.

How to Make a Graph in Excel in Windows 7

In Windows 7 and other operating systems, Microsoft Excel 2010 gives you the ability to add a graph or chart to a spreadsheet. With a graph, Excel gives you a visual representation of numerical data, making interpretation of the data simpler. Use the Charts function in Excel to create charts such as line or bar graphs and pie charts using 2-D and 3-D graphics.

Instructions

1. • 1
     Launch Excel 2010. Click the green "File" tab in the upper-left corner of the screen, select "Open" and then double-click the spreadsheet to which you want to add a graph.
   • 2
     Click and drag with the mouse pointer to highlight the data that you want to create a graph from. To highlight entire columns, click and drag the mouse pointer across the letters at the the top of the window. The highlighted cells turn blue.
   • 3
     Click the "Insert" tab at the top of the window, and then click a button in the "Charts" section of the toolbar to indicate the type of graph that you want to create, such as "Line" or "Pie." When you click a button, a menu appears allowing you to select the visual style of the graph, such as "2-D Line" or "3-D Line."
   • 4
     Click one of the buttons to select a visual style. The graph appears on the spreadsheet.
   • 5
     Hover the mouse pointer over the graph until the pointer turns into a four-pointed arrow. Click and drag to move the graph within the spreadsheet.
   • 6
     Hover the mouse pointer over the graph until the pointer turns into a two-pointed arrow. Click and drag to change the size of the graph.

How to Connect PC to HDMI TV

there are now many ways to enjoy your favorite movies and television shows over a broadband Internet connection on your computer for a small amount of money, or even for free. Unfortunately, watching such media in the confines of your home office does not always make for the most enjoyable experience. If you would like to escape the office, however, and enjoy your entertainment on the big screen in the living room, you can connect a PC to an HDMI TV.

Instructions

1. • 1
     Turn your computer off, and turn it around to view the rear of the unit. Find the cable that comes from the computer's monitor, and follow it to the back of the PC. The cable will be plugged into the output of the video card, which will be either a 15-pin VGA port or a 29-pin DVI port. If you are fortunate, there will be a second port directly next to it, of either the DVI or VGA variety. On the newest machines, you may even find a regular HDMI port on the card.
   • 2
     Choose the connection for video output. If your computer has an HDMI port, you can simply connect an HDMI cord of the correct length between the computer and the TV. Otherwise, you will need to make a few decisions. If your computer has only a single video output and it will not be used solely with the television, you may want to invest in a new video card. Purchase one with either a DVI or an HDMI output, and install it in an available slot, according the instructions included with it. If you intend to use the VGA output on a single-output or dual-output card to drive the HDMI display, then a special device will be needed to convert between the formats. The price of the converter is actually about the same price as an entry-level video card that will be easier to use with your TV. In that case, it may be a wise idea to upgrade the card in order to obtain a DVI or HDMI port. However, if your chosen output port is DVI, an inexpensive DVI to HDMI cable can convert your computer's output into the proper HDMI input for your TV.
   • 3
     Connect the HDMI cable from your television to your computer. Install the correct adapter or converter for your computer, if necessary. Unless your computer has HDMI output, cords will also need to be connected from the sound card output to the HDMI video cable or adapter, because HDMI carries both video and audio signals.
   • 4
     Boot your PC, and configure the new display by selecting "Control Panel" from the "Start" Menu. Double-click the "Display" icon and click the "Settings" tab. The manual for your HDMI TV will list the screen resolutions it supports, along with the refresh rates. Configure the resolution in the "Settings" tab, and then click the "Advanced" button to set the refresh rate. If you are using the HDMI TV as the second monitor, you will also have to configure how it is used by Windows, according to the instructions pertaining to your video card. Most cards offer a "Clone" or "Mirror" mode, where both screens display the same content. Alternately, the "Extended Desktop" mode will allow each monitor to operate independently.
   • 5
     Reboot your PC to apply the changes, if necessary, and prepare to relax on your couch and watch movies on the big-screen HDMI TV.

How to Change Startup Programs in Windows 7?

With the release of Windows 7, Microsoft has made several changes to the company's operating system. Startup program settings are similar to those of previous operating systems. Startup programs are saved in a specific folder on the hard drive. When the operating system boots, links listed in this folder start their respective applications. Changing settings for current startup applications is accomplished through the system configuration tool.


Instructions

Add a Link to the Startup Folder

1
Click the Windows "Start" button and select "All Programs." Right-click the "Startup" folder in the menu and select "Open All Users." This option opens the folder for all users on the computer. Choose "Explore" to open the folder for the currently logged-in user only.

2
Right-click the folder or file you want started when the computer boots. Select "Copy" from the menu.

3
Right-click any white space in the "Startup" folder you opened in Step 1. Select "Paste" from the menu list. The program will now open the next time you start the computer.

Change Current Startup Programs

1
Click the Windows "Start" button and type "msconfig" in the search text box. This opens the System Configuration console.

2
Click the "Startup" tab. This gives you a view of all the programs installed as startup options on your computer.

3
Check boxes of the applications you want to start when you boot the computer. For programs you no longer want to start, clear the check box.

4
Click "Apply" and close the configuration window. A popup window will ask if you want to reboot the computer. Click "Restart" to reboot the computer and save the changes.

How to Format a Hard Drive With Windows XP?

If you want to format a hard drive while using or installing Windows XP, you've come to the right place. This can be very useful for clearing everything off a secondary drive or when installing a fresh copy of Windows. Formatting a computer hard drive is simple and can help eliminate viruses, storage issues and other hard-to-resolve problems.




Instructions



Preparation

1
When you format a computer hard drive you will lose everything that is on the drive. Therefore, it is very important to back up anything you might want later. Additionally, if you are going to be formatting and installing XP you need to make sure you have the discs for any applications or third party hardware you use since you will need to re-install your programs and drivers after re-installing Windows.

2
Take a moment to think of anything that you have on the computer that you wouldn't want to lose. Generally, you probably want everything in your My Documents folder, and you also want to save things like your favorites or bookmarks from your Web browser. Remember that each user on the computer has his or her own My Documents folder, Desktop items and Favorites/Bookmarks.

3
Save everything to a CD, DVD or a hard drive that you won't be formatting.

Formatting a Secondary Hard Drive

1
Right-Click on the "My Computer" icon either on your desktop or in the Start Menu and select "Manage."

2
A new window titled "Computer Management" comes up. Select "Storage" from the left hand side by clicking it once, then select "Disk Management(local)" from the right side by double-clicking it.

3
Now in the lower part of the main frame (right side) of the window you should see a nice visual of all your hard drives. Each line is a different drive. Each box on a line (with a colored bar at the top and a size displayed in MB or GB) is a partition on the drive. Partitions are separations of space on a drive. Unless you are doing something specific that requires multiple partitions, you only want one partition per drive.

4
First you must delete any existing partitions on the drive you are going to format. Do this by right-clicking on the partition's box and selecting "Delete Partition..." Since you already know that you will be deleting everything on the drive, and have already backed everything up, you can safely say yes to any warning the computer presents you with.

5
If there are multiple partitions make sure you have saved everything off them since they might each have different drive letters (i.e. "D:" or "F:"). Then repeat the above step for each of them. If you only want to format one partition that is OK and you can continue to the next step without deleting the other partitions.

6
The box for the drive to be formatted should now have a black bar at the top of it and should say "Unallocated" under its size (see picture). Right click on it and select "New Partition..." The New Partition Wizard comes up.

7
In the New Partition Wizard click next. On the next page make sure "Primary Partition" is selected and click next. Now make the size equal to the maximum (it should already be set to it), and click next again. On the next page the computer will automatically choose the first available drive letter for the new drive. However, if you like you can choose another drive letter from the drop-down menu, and then click next.

8
Finally the New Partition Wizard asks if you would like to format the new partition and if so what format. Choose "NTFS" as it is faster and more secure. Leave the "Allocation unit size" as "Default." In the "Volume label" field enter whatever name you want the drive to have. Simple is better. Avoid using spaces. Lastly, if the drive is brand new and has never been used before check the "Perform a quick format" box. If the drive has been used before leave this box unchecked. Leave the "Enable file and folder compression" box unchecked and click next. Then on the next page click finish.

9
The wizard will now spend a little while formatting the drive. On old or large drives this may take a while. Do not close the "Computer Management" window until it finishes. You will know it is done when the word under the size of the drive changes from "Formatting" to "Healthy" and the name and drive letter you chose for the new drive show up. After it is finished you can proceed to use your newly formatted drive.

Formatting and Installing from the Windows XP CD

1
This section explains how to reformat a drive from the Windows XP installation CD. This can be used when installing a fresh copy of Windows onto a computer. Here it is especially important to backup all of your important information because upon formatting you will lose EVERYTHING that used to be on the drive. This includes all applications and device drivers, so you must back up everything you can.

2
Insert your Windows XP installation disc into your CD drive (Home or Pro--it does not matter).

3
Now as you computer boots a little more it will say "Press any key to boot from CD.." press a key to do so.

4
The CD will load up a blue screen and then spend a while loading files it needs. When it is finished it will list a few options, mainly "Press ENTER to set up Windows XP." Press Enter or Return.

5
Now you will be at a screen to select where to install Windows to. This is where you can delete old partitions and format drives. The box in the bottom half of the screen shows all your drives and the partitions that exist on them. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to highlight your "C:" partition and press the 'D' key (if all that shows up is "Unpartitioned space" and you have no C: or D: partitions, skip this step). On the next screen press the 'L' key to finalize deleting the partition.

6
Now you are back on the screen to choose where to install Windows. The box on the lower half of the screen should no longer show a partition but simply have an entry "Unpartitioned space xxxxxMB." Select this with the arrow keys and press the 'C' key to create a partition on the drive. The next screen tells you the minimum and maximum sizes the partition can be and lets you pick the size. The default size is the maximum, but double check that the number entered is the maximum and hit enter.

7
Now you will again be back at the choose where to install Windows screen. But this time you will have a partition that looks something like this "C: Partition1 [New (Raw)]xxxxxxMB." Highlight this entry and press enter.


8
 The next screen lets you choose which file system to format the drive with. Choose NTFS as it is faster and more secure. If the drive is brand new and has never been used before then use one of the options that ends in "(Quick)." Or, choose one of the lower down options. Use the arrow keys to select the proper one and press Enter or Return.

9
From here you are all set and the installation of Windows will proceed starting with a format of your drive. This will take a while (over half an hour) so you can take a little break.

What Is Root in Computers?

"Root" is a computer term that has various meanings, depending on the context in which the word is being used. It could refer to the operating system's root directory. In the Linux and Unix operating system, there is a root user. Root has a different meaning when referring to data structure. The term is also used when unlocking a smartphone device.







Root Directory

The root directory is the top level directory of the operating system. In the Windows operating system, it is the C:/ directory. In the Linux, Unix and Mac OSX operating systems, it is indicated by the "/" character. All other directories are subdirectories of the root directory. The path to every file and directory within the file system begins with the root directory.



Root User

In the Linux and Unix operating systems, the root user is a special user that has access to the entire operating system. This user is the only user that can make system-wide changes. The root user also has the ability to create new users and make changes to any file on the system. The root user is also called the "superuser."



Root Node

When discussing data structure, the root node is the only node in a tree structure that has no parent nodes, but it does have child nodes. It is the starting point for the rest of the tree. The path to every other node in the tree starts with the root node. The operating system file structure is an example of this type of data structure.



Rooting a Device

"Rooting a device" refers to obtaining superuser permissions on the device. This allows the user to load custom themes and software, increase the device's performance and battery life and access functions that would typically cost money. Rooting a device voids the device's warranty and could cause the device to stop working completely.